Where Do Pantoea Bacteria Come From?

WHERE DO PANTOEA BACTERIA COME FROM?

Introduction
Using leaves of Vitis vinifera grape we tried to clarify the bond between the vine plant and Pantoea agglomerans, a gut associated bacteria of the highly specific pest-grape phylloxera (Daktulosphaira vitifoliae Fitch).
D. vitifoliae belongs to the family of family Phylloxeridae and is an obligate parasite on grapevine. It is native to North the States but was introduced to Europe in the mid-1800.
This aphid-like insect is characterized by a complicated life oscillation defined by twain asexual stages bridged by alate forms that emerge from the ground and drive sexual off constitute.
The asexual cycle is formed by get back- and leaf-feeders that pull in large number of nymphs. In case a locomote sexuparae emerges, it is able to move to the leaves and lay three to eight eggs. This sore sexual offspring mates and lay a wizard overwintering egg that hatches to begin cyclical parthenogenesis on the leaves the contiguous spring time.

Fig.1 Schematic representation of the Phylloxera life cycle (Forneck and Huber, 2009)

Fig.2 The Phylloxera life cycle under in vitro dual-culture conditions.



(A) Galicole big phylloxera in a dissected leaf insolence; (B) radicole adult phylloxera feeding at a root gall (nodosity); (C) phylloxera nymphal stage; (D) winged sexuparae; (E) pupiform larvae of a womanly sexual phylloxera; (F) fe male adult sexuales; (G) pupiform larvae of a male sexuales; (H) adult male sexual phylloxera. Grey lines present asexual reproduction, black lines show sexual parts and dotted lines unadulterated the holocycle, indicating mating of sexuales, ovipostion of the winter egg and founding the new spring generation. (Forneck et al., 2001)

Grape phylloxera induces a gall formation on roots and leaves by feeding directly on the parenchymal tissue paper with its rostrum (stylet bundle), also used for penetration.
The characteristic hooked galls induce on root tips (nodosities) contain hypertrophic and hyperplastic cells (Millardet, 1898;...If you want to get a full essay, order it on our website: Orderessay



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