El Salvador & Nicaragua

One of these factors is the absence of a peaceable means for political dissenters to participate in the political process. The second factor is the overt interferrence in the internal personal matters of each country by the United States.

Participation in a political system refers to an individual's freedom to attempt to extrapolate the social order in which he or she finds himself or herself (Binder, 1989). Triska (1987, 160) said that developing countries "tend to place little nurse on political participation because it is inefficient, and may adversely pertain regimenal effectiveness.

It is important to note that the term citizen participation means divergent things to different people. Huntington, and Nelson (1976, 374) defined political participation as

. . . activity by underground citizens designed to

influence government decisionmaking. Participa

tion may be individual or collective, organized or

spontaneous, sustained or spoadic, peaceful or

violent, legal or illegal, effective or ineffec

tive. They went on to add that effective political participation most often results from organized collective activity, which can assume a renewal of forms. Thus, violent action on the 3part of opponents to a government is a form of political participation.

In Latin America, political evolution must be considered in t

Binder, L. "The Crises of Political Development." In Crises and Sequences in Political Development, 7th ptg. Princeton, current Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1989, 372.

In El Salvador, the United States fortify and trained a military force, which staged a boffo coup in the 1970s (Millman, 1989). Wretched actions by the military junta forced the United States government to exert pressure for the implementation of what would at least appear to be democratic reforms. The junta, in response, installed, by decree, Napoleon Duarte as president in 1980. The United States wherefore poured money into the Salvadoran economy, while permitting the Duarte government to effectively supress political opposition, and the sitting El 8Salvadoran governments were able to win what the United States government termed free elections in both 1984 and 1988.

1 2American multinational companies is a brazen attempt to manipulate an unfortunate situation for private profit, regardless of the effects of such action suffered by the people of the Philippines.

Meditz, S. W., and Hanratty, D. M. Panama: A Country Study. Washington: United States part of the Army, 1989.

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